第1节：OPCode手册

  1. https://www.evm.codes/?fork=grayGlacier
  2. https://www.ethervm.io/
  3. 在solidity中使用汇编语法时，使用的开发语言是yul，参考手册

image-20221104163118696

分类

  • 算术运算：ADD, MUL, SUB, DIV, SDIV, MOD, SMOD, ADDMOD, MULMOD, EXP, SIGNEXTEND
  • 逻辑运算：LT, GT, SLT, SGT, EQ, ISZERO
  • 位运算：AND, OR, XOR, NOT, BYTE, SHL, SHR, SAR
  • 当前交易状态信息：ADDRESS, SELFBALANCE, ORGIN, CALLER, CALLVALUE
  • 当前块状态信息：COINBASE, TIMESTAMP, NUMBER, DIFFICULTY, GASLIMIT, GASPRICE, BASEFEE
  • 其他信息读取：BALANCE, BLOCKHASH
  • 栈相关：POP, PUSH[1-32], DUP[1-16], SWAP[1-16], PUSH, DUP, SWAP
  • CALLDATA相关：CALLDATALOAD, CALLDATASIZE, CALLDATACOPY
  • 内存相关：MLOAD, MSTORE, MSTORE8
  • 持久存储相关：SLOAD, SSTORE
  • 流控制相关：JUMP, JUMPI, PC, JUMPDEST, RETURN, REVERT
  • 执行时环境信息：MSIZE, GAS
  • 日志相关：LOG[0-4]
  • 合约创建相关：CREATE, CREATE2
  • CODE相关：CODESIZE, CODECOPY, EXTCODESIZE, EXTCODECOPY, EXTCODEHASH
  • 外部调用相关：CALL, CALLCODE, DELEGATECALL, STATICCALL, RETURNDATASIZE, RETURNDATACOPY
  • 其他：STOP, SELFDESTRUCT, SHA3

完整

OPCODE NAME MINIMUM GAS STACK OUPUT DESCRIPTIONExpand
00 STOP 0 Halts execution
01 ADD 3 a + b Addition operation
02 MUL 5 a * b Multiplication operation
03 SUB 3 a - b Subtraction operation
04 DIV 5 a // b Integer division operation
05 SDIV 5 a // b Signed integer division operation (truncated)
06 MOD 5 a % b Modulo remainder operation
07 SMOD 5 a % b Signed modulo remainder operation
08 ADDMOD 8 (a + b) % N Modulo addition operation
09 MULMOD 8 (a * b) % N Modulo multiplication operation
0A EXP 10 a ** exponent Exponential operation
0B SIGNEXTEND 5 y Extend length of two’s complement signed integer
10 LT 3 a < b Less-than comparison
11 GT 3 a > b Greater-than comparison
12 SLT 3 a < b Signed less-than comparison
13 SGT 3 a > b Signed greater-than comparison
14 EQ 3 a == b Equality comparison
15 ISZERO 3 a == 0 Simple not operator
16 AND 3 a & b Bitwise AND operation
17 OR 3 a \ b Bitwise OR operation
18 XOR 3 a ^ b Bitwise XOR operation
19 NOT 3 ~a Bitwise NOT operation
1A BYTE 3 y Retrieve single byte from word
1B SHL 3 value << shift Left shift operation
1C SHR 3 value >> shift Logical right shift operation
1D SAR 3 value >> shift Arithmetic (signed) right shift operation
20 SHA3 30 hash Compute Keccak-256 hash
30 ADDRESS 2 address Get address of currently executing account
31 BALANCE 100 balance Get balance of the given account
32 ORIGIN 2 address Get execution origination address
33 CALLER 2 address Get caller address
34 CALLVALUE 2 value Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for this execution
35 CALLDATALOAD 3 data[i] Get input data of current environment
36 CALLDATASIZE 2 size Get size of input data in current environment
37 CALLDATACOPY 3 Copy input data in current environment to memory
38 CODESIZE 2 size Get size of code running in current environment
39 CODECOPY 3 Copy code running in current environment to memory
3A GASPRICE 2 price Get price of gas in current environment
3B EXTCODESIZE 100 size Get size of an account’s code
3C EXTCODECOPY 100 Copy an account’s code to memory
3D RETURNDATASIZE 2 size Get size of output data from the previous call from the current environment
3E RETURNDATACOPY 3 Copy output data from the previous call to memory
3F EXTCODEHASH 100 hash Get hash of an account’s code
40 BLOCKHASH 20 hash Get the hash of one of the 256 most recent complete blocks
41 COINBASE 2 address Get the block’s beneficiary address
42 TIMESTAMP 2 timestamp Get the block’s timestamp
43 NUMBER 2 blockNumber Get the block’s number
44 DIFFICULTY 2 difficulty Get the block’s difficulty
45 GASLIMIT 2 gasLimit Get the block’s gas limit
46 CHAINID 2 chainId Get the chain ID
47 SELFBALANCE 5 balance Get balance of currently executing account
48 BASEFEE 2 baseFee Get the base fee
50 POP 2 Remove item from stack
51 MLOAD 3 value Load word from memory
52 MSTORE 3 Save word to memory
53 MSTORE8 3 Save byte to memory
54 SLOAD 100 value Load word from storage
55 SSTORE 100 Save word to storage
56 JUMP 8 Alter the program counter
57 JUMPI 10 Conditionally alter the program counter
58 PC 2 counter Get the value of the program counter prior to the increment corresponding to this instruction
59 MSIZE 2 size Get the size of active memory in bytes
5A GAS 2 gas Get the amount of available gas, including the corresponding reduction for the cost of this instruction
5B JUMPDEST 1 Mark a valid destination for jumps
60 PUSH1 3 value Place 1 byte item on stack
61 PUSH2 3 value Place 2 byte item on stack
62 PUSH3 3 value Place 3 byte item on stack
63 PUSH4 3 value Place 4 byte item on stack
64 PUSH5 3 value Place 5 byte item on stack
65 PUSH6 3 value Place 6 byte item on stack
66 PUSH7 3 value Place 7 byte item on stack
67 PUSH8 3 value Place 8 byte item on stack
68 PUSH9 3 value Place 9 byte item on stack
69 PUSH10 3 value Place 10 byte item on stack
6A PUSH11 3 value Place 11 byte item on stack
6B PUSH12 3 value Place 12 byte item on stack
6C PUSH13 3 value Place 13 byte item on stack
6D PUSH14 3 value Place 14 byte item on stack
6E PUSH15 3 value Place 15 byte item on stack
6F PUSH16 3 value Place 16 byte item on stack
70 PUSH17 3 value Place 17 byte item on stack
71 PUSH18 3 value Place 18 byte item on stack
72 PUSH19 3 value Place 19 byte item on stack
73 PUSH20 3 value Place 20 byte item on stack
74 PUSH21 3 value Place 21 byte item on stack
75 PUSH22 3 value Place 22 byte item on stack
76 PUSH23 3 value Place 23 byte item on stack
77 PUSH24 3 value Place 24 byte item on stack
78 PUSH25 3 value Place 25 byte item on stack
79 PUSH26 3 value Place 26 byte item on stack
7A PUSH27 3 value Place 27 byte item on stack
7B PUSH28 3 value Place 28 byte item on stack
7C PUSH29 3 value Place 29 byte item on stack
7D PUSH30 3 value Place 30 byte item on stack
7E PUSH31 3 value Place 31 byte item on stack
7F PUSH32 3 value Place 32 byte (full word) item on stack
80 DUP1 3 valuevalue Duplicate 1st stack item
81 DUP2 3 bab Duplicate 2nd stack item
82 DUP3 3 cabc Duplicate 3rd stack item
83 DUP4 3 value...value Duplicate 4th stack item
84 DUP5 3 value...value Duplicate 5th stack item
85 DUP6 3 value...value Duplicate 6th stack item
86 DUP7 3 value...value Duplicate 7th stack item
87 DUP8 3 value...value Duplicate 8th stack item
88 DUP9 3 value...value Duplicate 9th stack item
89 DUP10 3 value...value Duplicate 10th stack item
8A DUP11 3 value...value Duplicate 11th stack item
8B DUP12 3 value...value Duplicate 12th stack item
8C DUP13 3 value...value Duplicate 13th stack item
8D DUP14 3 value...value Duplicate 14th stack item
8E DUP15 3 value...value Duplicate 15th stack item
8F DUP16 3 value...value Duplicate 16th stack item
90 SWAP1 3 ba Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items
91 SWAP2 3 cba Exchange 1st and 3rd stack items
92 SWAP3 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 4th stack items
93 SWAP4 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 5th stack items
94 SWAP5 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 6th stack items
95 SWAP6 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 7th stack items
96 SWAP7 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 8th stack items
97 SWAP8 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 9th stack items
98 SWAP9 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 10th stack items
99 SWAP10 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 11th stack items
9A SWAP11 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 12th stack items
9B SWAP12 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 13th stack items
9C SWAP13 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 14th stack items
9D SWAP14 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 15th stack items
9E SWAP15 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 16th stack items
9F SWAP16 3 b...a Exchange 1st and 17th stack items
A0 LOG0 375 Append log record with no topics
A1 LOG1 750 Append log record with one topic
A2 LOG2 1125 Append log record with two topics
A3 LOG3 1500 Append log record with three topics
A4 LOG4 1875 Append log record with four topics
F0 CREATE 32000 address Create a new account with associated code
F1 CALL 100 success Message-call into an account
F2 CALLCODE 100 success Message-call into this account with alternative account’s code
F3 RETURN 0 Halt execution returning output data
F4 DELEGATECALL 100 success Message-call into this account with an alternative account’s code, but persisting the current values for sender and value
F5 CREATE2 32000 address Create a new account with associated code at a predictable address
FA STATICCALL 100 success Static message-call into an account
FD REVERT 0 Halt execution reverting state changes but returning data and remaining gas
FE INVALID NaN Designated invalid instruction
FF SELFDESTRUCT 5000 Halt execution and register account for later deletion